Perception of visual space at the time of pro- and anti-saccades.

The localization of peri-saccadically flashed objects shows two types of errors: first, a uniform shift in saccade direction, and second, a compression of visual space around the saccade target. Whereas the uniform shift occurs when the experiment is performed in complete darkness compression occurs when additional visual references are available. Thus peri-saccadic mislocalization contains motor and visual components. To distinguish between both factors we compared peri-saccadic localization errors during pro- and anti-saccades. In the case of anti-saccades, the visual cue that elicits the saccade and the actual eye movement are in opposite directions. We asked whether peri-saccadic compression can be observed with anti-saccades, and if so, whether the compression is directed toward the visual cue or follows the actual eye movement. In blocked trials, subjects performed saccades either toward a visual cue (pro-saccade) or to the mirrored position opposite to a visual cue (anti-saccade). Peri-saccadically, we flashed a thin vertical bar at one of four possible locations. Subjects had to indicate the perceived position of the bar with a mouse pointer about 500 ms after the saccade. Experiments were performed in complete darkness and with visual references. Peri-saccadic mislocalizations occurred during anti-saccades. The mislocalizations were very similar for pro- and anti-saccades in magnitude and direction. For both, pro- and anti-saccades, mislocalizations were directed toward the actual eye movement and not the visual cue.